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Share, index, demat, IPO, circuit — har naye trader ke pehle 50 shabd, Hinglish mein
Published by The Retail Trader · AUG 01, 2026 · Market Basics
Bazaar ki apni ek bhasha hai, aur jab tak wo bhasha samajh nahi aati, har chart aur har news headline ek pehli si lagti hai. Is journal mein wahi shuruaati shabd hain jo Nifty ke ek quote se lekar aapke demat account tak roz saamne aate hain — seedhe Hinglish mein, example ke saath.
Sabse pehle wo shabd jo market ki plumbing describe karte hain:
• Share (Stock) — Company ki ownership ka ek chhota tukda. Example: aapke paas TCS ke 10 share hain matlab aap TCS ke ek bahut chhote hisse ke maalik ho.
• Equity — Ownership wala capital. Equity market matlab wo bazaar jahan companies ke shares kharide aur beche jate hain.
• Stock Exchange — Wo platform jahan buyer aur seller ke order aapas mein match hote hain. India mein do bade exchange hain: NSE aur BSE.
• NSE — National Stock Exchange, jiska flagship index Nifty 50 hai aur jahan F&O ka sabse zyada volume chalta hai.
• BSE — Bombay Stock Exchange, jiska flagship index Sensex hai; ye Asia ka sabse purana exchange hai.
• SEBI — Securities and Exchange Board of India, market ka regulator. Broker, exchange aur listed company sab iske rules ke andar chalte hain.
• Broker — SEBI-registered member jiske through aapka order exchange tak jata hai; badle mein wo brokerage charge karta hai.
• Demat Account — Wo account jahan aapke share electronic form mein rakhe jate hain, bilkul jaise bank account mein paisa.
• Trading Account — Wo account jisse aap order place karte ho. Demat rakhta hai, trading account chalata hai.
• Depository — NSDL aur CDSL, do institutions jo saari demat holdings ka record rakhti hain. Aapka broker inhi ka Depository Participant (DP) hota hai.
• Ticker / Symbol — Stock ka short naam jo aap terminal par type karte ho. Example: RELIANCE, INFY, HDFCBANK.
• ISIN — Har security ka unique 12-character code, jo exchange badalne par bhi wahi rehta hai.
Ab wo shabd jo bataate hain ki koi company bazaar mein kahan fit hoti hai:
• Index — Kai stocks ka ek basket jiska ek single number banta hai, taaki poore market ya sector ka mood ek nazar mein dikh jaye.
• Nifty 50 — NSE ka index jismein 50 badi companies hoti hain; India ke large-cap market ka sabse common benchmark.
• Sensex — BSE ka 30-company index, sabse purana Indian benchmark.
• Bank Nifty — Sirf banking stocks ka index. Ye Nifty se zyada volatile hota hai, isliye traders ise alag hi treat karte hain.
• Sectoral Index — Ek hi industry ke stocks ka index, jaise Nifty IT, Nifty Auto, Nifty Pharma, Nifty FMCG.
• Market Capitalisation — Share price × total shares. Yehi batata hai company ka bazaar mein size kitna hai.
• Large Cap / Mid Cap / Small Cap — Market cap ke hisaab se ranking. SEBI ke classification mein top 100 companies large cap, 101-250 mid cap, aur uske baad small cap.
• Blue Chip — Badi, purani, financially strong company jiska accha track record poore business cycle mein raha ho.
• Free Float — Wo shares jo public ke paas trade ke liye available hain (promoter aur locked holding chhod kar). Index ke weight isi par bante hain.
• Weightage — Index mein ek stock ka hissa. Example: agar ek stock ka weight zyada hai to uska 2% move index ko sabse zyada hilayega.
• Sector — Ek hi tarah ka business karne wali companies ka group: IT, banking, pharma, auto, metal, energy.
Trading din kaise chalta hai, aur paisa-share actually kab haath badalta hai:
• Trading Hours — Equity ka normal session 9:15 AM se 3:30 PM (IST) tak chalta hai.
• Pre-Open Session — 9:00 se 9:15 AM ka window jahan order collect hote hain aur ek opening price discover hota hai.
• Opening Price — Din ka pehla traded price. Ye pichhle din ke close se kaafi alag ho sakta hai — usi difference ko gap kehte hain.
• Closing Price — Din ka official close, jo aam taur par aakhri 30 minute ka weighted average hota hai, sirf last trade nahi.
• LTP (Last Traded Price) — Wo aakhri price jis par ek trade actually hua. Screen par jo number blink karta hai, wahi hai.
• T+1 Settlement — India mein equity delivery agle working din settle hoti hai: aaj kharida, agle din share demat mein.
• Circuit Limit — Ek din mein price kitna upar-neeche ja sakta hai uski limit (2%, 5%, 10% ya 20%). Upper circuit par sirf buyers bache hote hain, lower circuit par sirf sellers.
• Market-Wide Circuit Breaker — Index 10%, 15% ya 20% girne par poora market kuch der ke liye rok diya jata hai.
• Trading Holiday — Wo din jab exchange band rehta hai; list har saal exchange publish karta hai.
• Muhurat Trading — Diwali par hone wala special ek-ghante ka symbolic session.
Company ki taraf se aane wale events, jo aapki holding ko chupchap badal dete hain:
• IPO — Initial Public Offering, jab company pehli baar public ko share bechti hai aur exchange par list hoti hai.
• FPO — Follow-on Public Offer, jab already listed company dobara naye share issue karti hai.
• Listing Day — Wo din jab IPO ke share pehli baar trade hote hain. Listing gain ya listing loss isi din ka move hai.
• Dividend — Company ke profit ka wo hissa jo shareholders ko cash mein diya jata hai.
• Record Date / Ex-Date — Ex-date se pehle share hold karna zaroori hai agar dividend ya bonus chahiye. Ex-date par price aam taur par utna adjust ho jata hai.
• Bonus Issue — Free extra shares. 1:1 bonus matlab har 1 share par 1 aur, aur price theoretically aadha adjust — value wahi, quantity double.
• Stock Split — Face value tod kar quantity badhana, taaki per-share price chhota aur affordable lage. Total value nahi badalti.
• Buyback — Company apne hi shares wapas kharidti hai, aam taur par market price se upar.
• Rights Issue — Existing shareholders ko discount par extra share kharidne ka right.
• Face Value — Share ki nominal book value (jaise ₹1, ₹2, ₹10). Iska market price se koi seedha rishta nahi hota.
Aur akhir mein wo shabd jo news channel din bhar bolte hain:
• Bull Market — Lambe samay tak upar chalta market, jahan har girawat khareedi jati hai.
• Bear Market — Lambi girawat, aam taur par top se 20% se zyada. Yahan har rally bechi jati hai.
• Correction — Uptrend ke beech ka chhota, healthy fall — aam taur par 5-10%.
• Rally — Tez upar ka move, chahe wo chhota hi kyun na ho.
• Crash — Bahut kam samay mein bahut badi girawat, aksar panic ke saath.
• Volatility — Price kitni tezi se aur kitna zyada hilta hai. Zyada volatility matlab zyada opportunity aur zyada risk, dono saath.
• Liquidity — Kitni aasani se aap bina price hilaye badi quantity kharid-bech sakte ho.
• Volume — Ek period mein kitne shares actually trade hue.
• Turnover — Wahi activity value mein (quantity × price), rupees mein.
• FII / FPI — Foreign institutional investors. Inki buying-selling se hi index ke bade move bante hain.
• DII — Domestic institutional investors: mutual fund, insurance company, pension fund.
• Retail Investor — Aap aur hum. Individual investors, jinke order size chhote hote hain.
• 52-Week High / Low — Pichhle ek saal ka sabse ooncha aur sabse neecha price; trend aur extremes samajhne ka sabse quick reference.
• Long / Short — Long matlab pehle kharidna phir bechna. Short matlab pehle bechna phir kharidna.
• Delivery vs Intraday — Delivery mein share demat mein aate hain aur jab tak chaho rakh sakte ho; intraday mein position usi din band karni padti hai.
Chart ke peechhe ek business hota hai. Ye wo basic numbers hain jo har result ke baad news mein aate hain:
• Revenue / Topline — Company ne saal ya quarter mein total kitna bech diya.
• Net Profit / Bottomline — Saare kharche aur tax ke baad jo bacha.
• EPS (Earnings Per Share) — Net profit divided by total shares. Per share company kitna kama rahi hai.
• P/E Ratio — Price divided by EPS. Aap ek rupaye ki earning ke liye kitne rupaye de rahe ho. Isko hamesha same sector ke doosre stocks se compare karo, alag industry se nahi.
• Book Value — Company ki assets minus liabilities, per share.
• P/B Ratio — Price divided by book value. Asset-heavy business (jaise banks) mein ye zyada dekha jata hai.
• Dividend Yield — Saal ka dividend divided by price, percentage mein.
• ROE (Return on Equity) — Shareholders ke paise par company kitna return bana rahi hai.
• ROCE — Total capital (equity + debt) par return. Debt wale business mein ye ROE se zyada honest picture deta hai.
• Debt-to-Equity — Company par kitna karz hai apni equity ke muqable. Zyada debt matlab bure daur mein zyada risk.
• Operating Margin — Core business se kitna profit ban raha hai, interest aur tax se pehle.
• Promoter Holding — Founders ke paas kitna percent hai. Ye lagataar girna ek dekhne layak signal hai.
• Pledged Shares — Promoter ne apne shares loan ke against gehne rakhe hain. Zyada pledge ek known risk factor hai.
• Quarterly Results — Har teen mahine ka performance update. Iske aaspaas volatility badh jati hai.
• YoY / QoQ — Year-on-year (pichhle saal ke usi quarter se) aur quarter-on-quarter (pichhle quarter se) comparison.
• Guidance — Management ka apna future ka estimate. Guidance cut aksar result se zyada bada move banata hai.
• Credit Rating — Agency ka verdict ki company apna karz chuka payegi ya nahi.
Aur wo cheezein jo trading se pehle ek baar set karni padti hain, par confusion zindagi bhar deti hain:
• KYC — Know Your Customer: PAN, address aur bank proof se identity verify karna. Iske bina account chalu nahi hota.
• Nominee — Wo vyakti jise aapke na rehne par holdings transfer hongi. Ise khaali chhodna sabse common galti hai.
• DDPI / POA — Wo authorisation jisse aapke bechne par shares demat se apne aap nikal jate hain, har baar alag approval ke bina.
• Ledger Balance — Broker ke paas aapka available cash.
• Payin / Payout — Paisa ya share exchange ko dena (payin) aur exchange se milna (payout).
• Margin Pledge — Apne holdings ko gehne rakh kar unke against trading margin lena. Ismein aapke share bike nahi, sirf block hote hain.
• Haircut — Pledge kiye gaye share ki value par lagne wala discount. ₹100 ke share par 20% haircut matlab ₹80 ka margin.
• Holding Statement — Aapke paas is waqt kaun se share kitne hain, uski list.
• CAS (Consolidated Account Statement) — NSDL/CDSL ka monthly statement jo saari holdings ek jagah dikhata hai.
• Contract Note — Din ke end mein broker ka legal statement: har trade, har charge, net obligation.
• SEBI SCORES — Investor complaint platform, jahan broker ke against shikayat register ki ja sakti hai.
Ye shabd bazaar ka alphabet hain. Inke bina chart sirf rang aur lines hai. Aage ke journals mein yahi vocabulary chart par utregi — pehle price action, phir market structure, indicators, order flow, F&O, risk aur psychology.
Ye journal sirf educational hai — koi buy ya sell recommendation nahi. Har term ko apne chart par khud dekho, tabhi wo yaad rehta hai.